Common Compiler Errors

Transformer code is generic-heavy by nature: a typical signature like Kind<EitherTKind.Witness<CompletableFutureKind.Witness, DomainError>, Result> packs three type parameters into two layers. When something goes wrong, the compiler messages can be hard to read. This page documents the errors developers hit most often, what they actually mean, and the fix.

1. "Cannot resolve constructor EitherTMonad"

The error:

error: constructor EitherTMonad in class EitherTMonad<F, L> cannot be applied to given types;
    var eitherTMonad = new EitherTMonad<>();
                       ^
  required: Monad<F>
  found:    no arguments
  reason:   actual and formal argument lists differ in length

The trigger:

var eitherTMonad =
    new EitherTMonad<CompletableFutureKind.Witness, DomainError>();   // missing argument

Every transformer monad needs a Monad<F> instance for the outer effect. The constructor cannot infer it from thin air.

The fix: pass the outer monad to the constructor.

var futureMonad  = CompletableFutureMonad.INSTANCE;
var eitherTMonad =
    new EitherTMonad<CompletableFutureKind.Witness, DomainError>(futureMonad);

The same rule applies to OptionalTMonad, MaybeTMonad, ReaderTMonad, StateTMonad, and WriterTMonad. WriterTMonad additionally requires a Monoid<W> for the output type.

2. "Incompatible types: error type mismatch in EitherT chain"

The error:

error: incompatible types: Kind<EitherTKind.Witness<F,String>,User> cannot be converted to
    Kind<EitherTKind.Witness<F,DomainError>,User>

The trigger:

var eitherTMonad =
    new EitherTMonad<CompletableFutureKind.Witness, DomainError>(futureMonad);

// lookupUser returns EitherT<F, String, User>: error type is String, not DomainError
EitherT<CompletableFutureKind.Witness, String, User> lookupUser(String id) { ... }

For.from(eitherTMonad, validatedET)
    .from(id -> lookupUser(id));   // String vs DomainError mismatch

Every step in an EitherT comprehension shares the same error type L. Mixing a step that fails with String and one that fails with DomainError will not compile.

The fix: unify the error type, either by changing the function or by mapping at the boundary.

// Option 1: change lookupUser to use DomainError
EitherT<CompletableFutureKind.Witness, DomainError, User> lookupUser(String id) { ... }

// Option 2: lift the foreign error type at the call site
EitherT<CompletableFutureKind.Witness, DomainError, User> liftLookup(String id) {
    var raw = lookupUser(id);                                            // EitherT<F, String, User>
    return EitherT.fromKind(
        futureMonad.map(
            either -> either.mapLeft(DomainError.UserLookup::new),       // String -> DomainError
            raw.value()));
}

Option 1 is preferred for new code. Option 2 is useful when integrating with code you cannot change.

3. "Method mapT cannot be applied" on StateT

The error:

error: method mapT in class StateT<S,F,A> cannot be applied to given types;
    stateT.mapT(f);
           ^
  required: Monad<G>, Function<Kind<F,StateTuple<S,A>>,Kind<G,StateTuple<S,A>>>
  found:    Function<Kind<F,StateTuple<S,A>>,Kind<G,StateTuple<S,A>>>

The trigger:

StateT<Counter, IdKind.Witness, Integer> idState = ...;

var taskState = idState.mapT(idKind -> ioToTask.apply(idKind));   // missing first argument

Most transformers' mapT takes a single function. StateT.mapT is the exception: because the state-threading function S -> Kind<G, (S, A)> must close over the new monad, the call requires an explicit Monad<G> instance as the first argument.

The fix: pass the target monad alongside the function.

var taskMonad = TaskMonad.INSTANCE;
var taskState = idState.mapT(taskMonad, idKind -> ioToTask.apply(idKind));

EitherT.mapT, OptionalT.mapT, MaybeT.mapT, ReaderT.mapT, and WriterT.mapT do not take this extra argument. Only StateT does.

4. "Cannot infer type-variable L for EitherT.fromEither"

The error:

error: method fromEither in class EitherT<F,L,R> cannot be applied to given types;
    EitherT.fromEither(futureMonad, Either.right(value));
           ^
  reason: cannot infer type-variable(s) F, L, R

The trigger:

var eitherTMonad =
    new EitherTMonad<CompletableFutureKind.Witness, DomainError>(futureMonad);

return For.from(eitherTMonad,
        EitherT.fromEither(futureMonad, Either.right(validated)));   // L cannot be inferred

Either.right(value) has no Left value to infer the error type from, so the compiler cannot determine L for the resulting EitherT. The same problem appears with Path.right in the Effect Path API (see Effect Compiler Errors).

The fix: add an explicit type witness on the Either.

return For.from(eitherTMonad,
        EitherT.fromEither(futureMonad, Either.<DomainError, Validated>right(validated)));

Inference works when the surrounding context constrains L, for example when assigning to a variable with an explicit type:

EitherT<CompletableFutureKind.Witness, DomainError, Validated> step =
    EitherT.fromEither(futureMonad, Either.right(validated));     // L inferred from variable

When in doubt, add the witness. It costs nothing at runtime.

5. "Cannot find symbol .value()" on a Kind

The error:

error: cannot find symbol
    var future = workflow.value();
                         ^
  symbol:   method value()
  location: variable workflow of type Kind<EitherTKind.Witness<...>, Result>

The trigger:

Kind<EitherTKind.Witness<CompletableFutureKind.Witness, DomainError>, Result> workflow =
    eitherTMonad.flatMap(...);

var future = workflow.value();   // Kind has no value() method

.value() is defined on the concrete EitherT<F, L, R> (and equivalently on OptionalT, MaybeT, ReaderT, StateT, WriterT). It is not part of the Kind interface. When you have a Kind value, you must narrow it back to the concrete transformer first.

The fix: call the matching narrow helper before extracting the underlying value.

import static org.higherkindedj.hkt.either_t.EitherTKindHelper.EITHER_T;

var future = EITHER_T.narrow(workflow).value();

This boundary conversion is unavoidable when a method is typed in Kind but you need a concrete operation. If you control the call site, declaring the variable as the concrete EitherT<...> removes the need:

EitherT<CompletableFutureKind.Witness, DomainError, Result> workflow =
    EITHER_T.narrow(eitherTMonad.flatMap(...));    // narrow once at the assignment

var future = workflow.value();

6. "Method For.from is not applicable" with the wrong monad

The error:

error: method from in class For cannot be applied to given types;
    For.from(eitherTMonad, OptionalT.fromKind(future));
        ^
  required: Monad<M>, Kind<M,A>
  found:    EitherTMonad<...>, OptionalT<...>
  reason:   inference variable M has incompatible bounds

The trigger:

var eitherTMonad =
    new EitherTMonad<CompletableFutureKind.Witness, DomainError>(futureMonad);

For.from(eitherTMonad, OptionalT.fromKind(future))    // mismatched witness types
    .from(...)
    .yield(...);

For.from(monad, source) requires the source's witness type to match the monad's witness type. Passing an EitherTMonad and an OptionalT mixes two different transformer stacks.

The fix: make sure the monad you pass to For.from matches the witness of every step.

// Either use EitherT throughout:
For.from(eitherTMonad, EitherT.fromKind(fetchEither(...)))
    .from(...)
    .yield(...);

// Or build the matching OptionalTMonad and use OptionalT throughout:
var optionalTMonad = new OptionalTMonad<CompletableFutureKind.Witness>(futureMonad);
For.from(optionalTMonad, OptionalT.fromKind(future))
    .from(...)
    .yield(...);

If you genuinely need to combine two effect layers (typed errors and absence in the same workflow), you are in stacking territory. See Tutorial 03: Stacking Transformers and Stack Archetypes.

Quick Diagnostic Table

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