Determine which type constructor (computational context) you want to work with abstractly. This context is represented by its witness type.

Examples:

• ListKind.Witness for java.util.List
• OptionalKind.Witness for java.util.Optional
• MaybeKind.Witness for the custom Maybe type
• EitherKind.Witness<L> for the custom Either<L, R> type (where L is fixed)
• TryKind.Witness for the custom Try type
• CompletableFutureKind.Witness for java.util.concurrent.CompletableFuture
• IOKind.Witness for the custom IO type
• LazyKind.Witness for the custom Lazy type
• ReaderKind.Witness<R_ENV> for the custom Reader<R_ENV, A> type
• StateKind.Witness<S> for the custom State<S, A> type
• WriterKind.Witness<W> for the custom Writer<W, A> type
• For transformers, e.g., EitherTKind.Witness<F_OUTER_WITNESS, L_ERROR>

Obtain an instance of the required type class (Functor<F_WITNESS>, Applicative<F_WITNESS>, Monad<F_WITNESS>, MonadError<F_WITNESS, E>) for your chosen context's witness type F_WITNESS.

These are concrete classes provided in the corresponding package.

Examples:

• Optional: OptionalMonad optionalMonad = OptionalMonad.INSTANCE; (This implements MonadError<OptionalKind.Witness, Unit>)
• List: ListMonad listMonad = ListMonad.INSTANCE; (This implements Monad<ListKind.Witness>)
• CompletableFuture: CompletableFutureMonad futureMonad = CompletableFutureMonad.INSTANCE; (This implements MonadError<CompletableFutureKind.Witness, Throwable>)
• Either<String, ?>: EitherMonad<String> eitherMonad = EitherMonad.instance(); (This implements MonadError<EitherKind.Witness<String>, String>)
• IO: IOMonad ioMonad = IOMonad.INSTANCE; (This implements Monad<IOKind.Witness>)
• Writer<String, ?>: WriterMonad<String> writerMonad = new WriterMonad<>(new StringMonoid()); (This implements Monad<WriterKind.Witness<String>>)

Convert your standard Java object (e.g., a List<Integer>, an Optional<String>, an IO<String>) into Higher-Kinded-J's Kind representation using the widen instance method from the corresponding XxxKindHelper enum's singleton instance. You'll typically use a static import for the singleton instance for brevity.

 import static org.higherkindedj.hkt.optional.OptionalKindHelper.OPTIONAL; 
 // ...
 Optional<String> myOptional = Optional.of("test");
 // Widen it into the Higher-Kinded-J Kind type
 // F_WITNESS here is OptionalKind.Witness
 Kind<OptionalKind.Witness, String> optionalKind = OPTIONAL.widen(myOptional);

• Helper enums provide convenience factory methods that also return Kind instances, e.g., MAYBE.just("value"), TRY.failure(ex), IO_OP.delay(() -> ...), LAZY.defer(() -> ...). Remember to import thes statically from the XxxKindHelper classes.
• Note on Widening:
  • For JDK types (like List, Optional), widen typically creates an internal Holder object that wraps the JDK type and implements the necessary XxxKind interface.
  • For library-defined types (Id, Maybe, IO, Transformers like EitherT) that directly implement their XxxKind interface (which in turn extends Kind), the widen method on the helper enum often performs a null check and then a direct (and safe) cast to the Kind type.

Use the methods defined by the type class interface (map, flatMap, of, ap, raiseError, handleErrorWith, etc.) by calling them on the type class instance obtained in Step 2, passing your Kind value(s) as arguments. Do not call map/flatMap directly on the Kind object itself if it's just the Kind interface. (Some concrete Kind implementations like Id or Maybe might offer direct methods, but for generic programming, use the type class instance).

 import static org.higherkindedj.hkt.optional.OptionalKindHelper.OPTIONAL;
 // ...
 OptionalMonad optionalMonad = OptionalMonad.INSTANCE;
 Kind<OptionalKind.Witness, String> optionalKind = OPTIONAL.widen(Optional.of("test")); // from previous step

 // --- Using map ---
 Function<String, Integer> lengthFunc = String::length;
 // Apply map using the monad instance
 Kind<OptionalKind.Witness, Integer> lengthKind = optionalMonad.map(lengthFunc, optionalKind);
 // lengthKind now represents Kind<OptionalKind.Witness, Integer> containing Optional.of(4) if "test"

 // --- Using flatMap ---
 // Function A -> Kind<F_WITNESS, B>
 Function<Integer, Kind<OptionalKind.Witness, String>> checkLength =
     len -> OPTIONAL.widen(len > 3 ? Optional.of("Long enough") : Optional.empty());
 // Apply flatMap using the monad instance
 Kind<OptionalKind.Witness, String> checkedKind = optionalMonad.flatMap(checkLength, lengthKind);
 // checkedKind now represents Kind<OptionalKind.Witness, String> containing Optional.of("Long enough")

 // --- Using MonadError (for Optional, error type is Unit) ---
 Kind<OptionalKind.Witness, String> emptyKind = optionalMonad.raiseError(Unit.INSTANCE); // Represents Optional.empty()
 // Handle the empty case (error state) using handleErrorWith (handleError was changed to handleErrorWith generally)
 Kind<OptionalKind.Witness, String> handledKind = optionalMonad.handleErrorWith(
     emptyKind,
     ignoredError -> OPTIONAL.widen(Optional.of("Default Value")) // Ensure recovery function also returns a Kind
 );

When you need the underlying Java value back (e.g., to return from a method boundary, perform side effects like printing or running IO), use the narrow instance method from the corresponding XxxKindHelper enum's singleton instance.

```java
import static org.higherkindedj.hkt.optional.OptionalKindHelper.OPTIONAL; 
import static org.higherkindedj.hkt.io.IOKindHelper.IO_OP; 

// ...
// Continuing the Optional example:
 Kind<OptionalKind.Witness, String> checkedKind = /* from previous step */;
 Kind<OptionalKind.Witness, String> handledKind = /* from previous step */;

 Optional<String> finalOptional = OPTIONAL.narrow(checkedKind);
 System.out.println("Final Optional: " + finalOptional); 
 // Output: Optional[Long enough]

 Optional<String> handledOptional = OPTIONAL.narrow(handledKind);
 System.out.println("Handled Optional: " + handledOptional); 
 // Output: Optional[Default Value]

 // Example for IO:
  IOMonad ioMonad = IOMonad.INSTANCE;
  Kind<IOKind.Witness, String> ioKind = IO_OP.delay(() -> "Hello from IO!"); 
  // Use IO_OP.delay
  // unsafeRunSync is an instance method on IOKindHelper.IO_OP
  String ioResult = IO_OP.unsafeRunSync(ioKind);
  System.out.println(ioResult);
```

The narrow instance methods in all KindHelper enums are designed to be robust against structural errors within the HKT simulation layer.

• When it's thrown: If you pass null to narrow. For external types using a Holder (like Optional with OptionalHolder), if the Kind instance is not the expected Holder type, an exception is also thrown. For types that directly implement their XxxKind interface, narrow will throw if the Kind is not an instance of that specific concrete type.
• What it means: This exception signals a problem with how you are using Higher-Kinded-J itself – usually a programming error in creating or passing Kind objects.
• How to handle: You generally should not need to catch KindUnwrapException in typical application logic. Its occurrence points to a bug that needs fixing in the code using Higher-Kinded-J.

  // import static org.higherkindedj.hkt.optional.OptionalKindHelper.OPTIONAL;
  public void handlingUnwrapExceptions() {
    try {
      // ERROR: Attempting to narrow null
      Optional<String> result = OPTIONAL.narrow(null);
    } catch(KindUnwrapException e) {
      System.err.println("Higher-Kinded-J Usage Error: " + e.getMessage());
      // Example Output (message from OptionalKindHelper.INVALID_KIND_NULL_MSG):
      // Usage Error: Cannot narrow null Kind for Optional
    }
  }

Important Distinction:

• KindUnwrapException: Signals a problem with the Higher-Kinded-J structure itself (e.g., invalid Kind object passed to narrow). Fix the code using Higher-Kinded-J.
• Domain Errors / Absence: Represented within a valid Kind structure (e.g., Optional.empty() widened to Kind<OptionalKind.Witness, A>, Either.Left widened to Kind<EitherKind.Witness<L>, R>). These should be handled using the monad's specific methods (orElse, fold, handleErrorWith, etc.) or by using the MonadError methods before narrowing back to the final Java type.